4/15/2023 0 Comments Easy german grammar pdfIn addition, political and social conventions often override considerations of mutual intelligibility in both scientific and non-scientific views. In this case, too, however, while mutual intelligibility between speakers of the distant remnant languages may be greatly constrained, it is likely not at the zero level of completely unrelated languages. If the central varieties die out and only the varieties at both ends survive, they may then be reclassified as two languages, even though no actual language change has occurred during the time of the loss of the central varieties. As an example, in the case of a linear dialect continuum that shades gradually between varieties, where speakers near the center can understand the varieties at both ends with relative ease, but speakers at one end have difficulty understanding the speakers at the other end, the entire chain is often considered a single language. In the case of transparently cognate languages officially recognized as distinct such as Spanish and Italian, mutual intelligibility is in principle and in practice not binary (simply yes or no), but occurs in varying degrees, subject to numerous variables specific to individual speakers in the context of the communication.Ĭlassifications may also shift for reasons external to the languages themselves. Ī primary challenge to these positions is that speakers of closely related languages can often communicate with each other effectively if they choose to do so. In a similar vein, some claim that mutual intelligibility is, ideally at least, the primary criterion separating languages from dialects. Some linguists use mutual intelligibility as a primary criterion for determining whether two speech varieties represent the same or different languages. Mutually intelligible languages or varieties of one language Intelligibility among languages can vary between individuals or groups within a language population according to their knowledge of various registers and vocabulary in their own language, their exposure to additional related languages, their interest in or familiarity with other cultures, the domain of discussion, psycho- cognitive traits, the mode of language used (written vs. Often the languages are genetically related, and they are likely to be similar to each other in grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, or other features. most speakers of one language find it relatively easy to achieve some degree of understanding in the related language(s). However, many groups of languages are partly mutually intelligible, i.e. Advanced speakers of a second language typically aim for intelligibility, especially in situations where they work in their second language and the necessity of being understood is high. 6 Dialects or registers of one language sometimes considered separate languagesĪn individual's achievement of moderate proficiency or understanding in a language (called L2) other than their first language (L1) typically requires considerable time and effort through study and practical application if the two languages are not very closely related.5 List of mutually intelligible varieties.4 List of mutually intelligible languages.2 Mutually intelligible languages or varieties of one language.The higher the linguistic distance, the lower the mutual intelligibility. Linguistic distance is the name for the concept of calculating a measurement for how different languages are from one another. It exists in differing degrees among many related or geographically proximate languages of the world, often in the context of a dialect continuum. When it is relatively symmetric, it is characterized as "mutual". Intelligibility between languages can be asymmetric, with speakers of one understanding more of the other than speakers of the other understanding the first. It is sometimes used as an important criterion for distinguishing languages from dialects, although sociolinguistic factors are often also used. In linguistics, mutual intelligibility is a relationship between languages or dialects in which speakers of different but related varieties can readily understand each other without prior familiarity or special effort. There is a high level of mutual intelligibility between the closely related West Slavic languages Czech and Slovak (the Czech–Slovak languages). Statue of the first Czechoslovak president Tomáš Garrigue Masaryk (whose mother was Czech and father Slovak) with Czech flag on the left and Slovak flag on the right.
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